MY FAVOURITE PHOTOGRAPHY PAGE

Hi.. Folks.!!

I am here with an interesting photography page. Have a look..!! Photography of this guy is awesome. Apart from electronics this time here is some intersting stuff for you all . I hope you all will enjoy it.

LINK FOR THE PAGE IS ASEEM SRIVASTAVA PHOTOGRAPHY......:)

Thanks..!!

MY RESISTOR CODE CALCULATOR DESKTOP APPLICATION

Hi folks!

After a long period of time I am again here . This time i have some cool stuff for electronics beginner. Here is a simple desktop application which i designed last night. By the use of this application you can easily get the value of your resistance , simply by choosing band color.

This is the link to download   My_rescode.exe.

Just download. I hope iy will help you.

For any query ,doubt or suggestion just leave a comment.

Thanks.. :)  

HOW TO MAKE A WIRED REMOTE CONTROL ROBOT

Hi….. friends..!!   after a long time I am again here with some useful stuff . This time I am posting this article - HOW TO MAKE A WIRED REMOTE CONTROL ROBOT  to help those students who are new in field of robotics and are going to make their first robot. So if you u don’t know anything about robots don’t worry this article is going to help you guys a lot  . Just   follow this article and start your journey with robotics.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

In order to make your first wired remote control robot you have to arrange following things-

1 robot body

4x 100rpm motor

4x robot wheels

6x DPDT switches

1 12V DC adapter OR 12v Regulated power supply ( to make your own regulated power supply you can follow this link    BASIC ELECTRONICS PROJECT 5- MAKING YOUR OWN REGULATED POWER SUPPLY  but this supply is for 5v so u just have to use IC7812 instead of 7805 for 12v supply. Or simply you can use a 12v DC adapter easily available in market)

1 soldering iron

Soldering wire and flux

10 meter BUS wire

1 vero board

                     If you want to design a PICKING MECHANISM for robotic hand you will need some more things-

2x 10 rpm high torque motors

4x spur gear

4x worm gear

Plywood and aluminum sheet

Screws

1 drill machine

Some adhesive  

Tools like screw driver hammer hack saw...etc.

LET'S START

So our most basic required is to make a power supply for robot . if you want to make your supply you can follow my article  BASIC ELECTRONICS PROJECT 5- MAKING YOUR OWN REGULATED POWER SUPPLY      but this is for making 5v volt supply so don’t worry just use IC 7812 in place of  7805 and rest of the circuit will remain same . but making your supply is somehow a tough task so I will suggest you to buy a 12V DC adapter and it will work fine .

MAKING our REMOTE

Now its time to design our controlling remote . So before designing remote you must have knowledge about connections of DPDT switch . we are using DPDT switch here because with the help of this switch we can simply drive our motor in both directions . Your DPDT switch will look something like this-

                                                                      

                                                     

Here you can see there are 6 different pins now you have to connect motor and power supply to your switch so just pick up your soldering iron and  design this simple circuit on vero board , at first we are just going to make a remote which can control motion of robot in forward , backward , left and right direction for handwewill add some more switches but at first we are just going to use 2 switches for driving 4 motors ,

connection diagram –

     Some of you guys will be having a problem  that the DPDT switch which you have bought is having 8 pins instead of 6 and backside of that switch is looking something like this ,

 so don’t worry about connection here is connection diagram for you-

Now your controlling remote is ready for action . My remote looks like this-

So connect your motor and supply and its ready……..HOW?? ok let me show you , you are having a robot body like this –

And motors looking like this-

 Attach your motor to body as shown here-

Attach your wheels to motor-

Now connect motor terminals with the wires for motor in the remote section and connect 12Vdc to power supply terminal of robot. As shown here-

HOW TO DRIVE YOUR BOT-

We are almost done . its time to learn how to drive our bot according to our diagram we are using one switch to drive 2 motor  so-

WHEN BOTH SWITCHES ARE “UP”( pushed in forward direction)

All the motor will rotate in forward direction and robot will move forward.

WHEN ONLY RIGHT SIDE SWITCH IS UP

Only right side motors will rotate and robot will move left side.

WHEN ONLY LEFT SIDE SWITCH    IS UP

Only left side motors will rotate and bot will move turn right side

WHEN BOTH SWITCHES ARE DOWN(pushed in backward direction)

All the motors will rotate in backward direction and bot will move backward.

WHEN LEFT SWITCH IS UP AND RIGHT SWITCH IS DOWN

Robot will axially rotate right side.

WHEN RIGHT SWITCH IS UP AND LEFT SWITCH IS DOWN

Robot will axially rotate left side

 Now your robot is ready for moving but you may have some problem if you have not given proper attention , these problems may be-

1.      Motors are not rotating.

In such case check your power supply , and all the connection there may be some fault, or your motor may be faulty.

2.      While pressing a switch forward motors are rotating backward  

 You have connected opposite connection of motor to switch just change the terminals and problem will be solved

3.      While using same switch one motor is forward and one is backward

Simply connection of backward rotating motor is opposite change them.

 These are some common problem , if you are facing any other problem just let me know I’ll  give you proper solution.

 So folks..!! these are some basics of robotics in next tutorial I will post some picking mechanisms , till then GOOD BYE.......!!    stay tuned…….:)

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ELECTRONICS MODULE-1 EBOOK

Hi.....friends.!!

Sorry for no posting  for a long period of time but meanwhile i was busy in preparing a ebook on basic electronic components for you all. here is the first module of this ebook and i have provided some good stuff about basic electronic components.

I hope it will be of great use for you , specially for the new bees.

You can download INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ELECTRONICS MODULE-1 EBOOK here.

I am waiting for your precious views and comments.

THNX...:)

ARDUINO PROJECT 1- BLINKING LED

Hi…friends ,……welcome to ARDUINO section of my blog. In this section I am going to discuss various ARDUINO projects. ARDUINO has proved itself as a amazing platform for electronics lovers. So without wasting any time we are moving towards our first projects, obviously a “Hello world” project, in which we will blink an LED.

I am assuming you are having an ARDUINO and required software installed.( in case you are a new bee , don’t worry just let me know I will help you..:))

REQUIREMENTS

Your ARDUINO board

1 LED

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit connections are very easy and you have to just connect led at digital pin 13 of ARDUINO as shown , connects anode of LED to digital pin 13 and cathode to ground.( ARDUINO already has 1K resistor to added to pin 13, what allows the immediate connection of a LED between that pin and ground)

LED Blinking Project Schematic

CODE

Here is the source code more commonly known as SKETCH of the project. Just upload this code to your ARDUINO and enjoy your first ARDUINO project.

/* Blinking LED

* ------------

*

* turns on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to a digital

* pin, in intervals of 2 seconds. Ideally we use pin 13 on the Arduino

* board because it has a resistor attached to it, needing only an LED

*/

int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13

void setup()

{

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin as output

}

void loop()

{

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // sets the LED on

delay(1000); // waits for a second

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // sets the LED off

delay(1000); // waits for a second

}

So it was just a start in our upcoming articles we will post more interesting and complex ARDUINO projects so stay tuned.

In case of any query, doubt or critical view just leave a comment.

THNX….:)

BASIC ELECTRONICS PROJECT 8- IMPLEMENTATION OF LOGIC GATES USING TRANSISTORS.

Hi….folks .. welcome back..!!  I am again here with another basic electronics projects for electronics beginners , this time we are going to discuss , how we can implement circuits for logic gates (AND, OR , NOT. NAND, NOR)  using transistor. With the help of these simple circuits we can easily understand the working of LOGIC GATES.

REQUIREMENTS

TRANSISTORS (BC 547)

FEW RESISTORS (220Ω)

FEW LEDs

POWER SUPPLY (5V)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

AND GATE:

Here is the simple circuit diagram for implementing AND GATE using transistors, So just implement this circuit on bread board and check the output

SYMBOL AN TRUTH TABLE                                                     CIRCUIT

HOW TO USE

You can see there are two input terminal in AND GATE and , from the truth table of AND GATE you can see the output of and gate is high only in case, when both the inputs are high, so when you will put both the inputs high LED will glow means output is high. In rest of the cases LED does not glow, means  output is low.

OR GATE

Here is the simple circuit diagram for implementing OR GATE using transistors, So just implement this circuit on bread board and check the output

SYMBOL AN TRUTH TABLE                                                     CIRCUIT

           

HOW TO USE

You can see there are two input terminal in OR GATE and , from the truth table of OR GATE you can see the output is low only in case, when both the inputs are low, so when you will put both the inputs low LED will not glow means output is low. In rest of the cases LED  glows, which means  output is high.

NOT GATE

Here is the simple circuit diagram for implementing NOT GATE using transistors, So just implement this circuit on bread board and check the output.

SYMBOL AN TRUTH TABLE                                                     CIRCUIT

     

HOW TO USE

You can see there is only one input in NOT GATE. From truth table you can see , when input is high output is low and when input is low output is high. You can check both the conditions easily.

NAND GATE

Here is the simple circuit diagram for implementing NAND GATE using transistors, So just implement this circuit on bread board and check the output.

SYMBOL AN TRUTH TABLE                                                     CIRCUIT

NOR GATE

Here is the simple circuit diagram for implementing NOR GATE using transistors, So just implement this circuit on bread board and check the output.

SYMBOL AN TRUTH TABLE                                                     CIRCUIT

NOTE : for main circuit and inputs use same power supply ........:p

I hope this article was useful for you guys , in case of any doubt, query or critical view just leave a comment.

THNX..:

BASIC ELECTRONICS PROJECT 7- WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Hi..friends…welcome back..!! I am again here with another basic electronics project ,this time we are going to make a simple water tank overflow indicator, this is a simple project based on 555 timer IC. This project can be used as an alarm to warn us in case of overflow. Let us see how things are going on…..!!

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

NE555 IC

RESISTORS ( 1X 100K, 1X1K)

CAPACITOR (2.2uf)

1 BUZZER

POWER SUPPLY (5V)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

In this circuit 555 IC is used in astable mode . here is the complete circuit diagram for the setup-

Implement this circuit on a general purpose PCB then attach wire ends to the wall of tank , at a desired level , whenever water level overflows this point circuit gets completed and buzzer is activated.

I hope you guys find this article helpful , in case of any query,doubt or critical view just leave a comment.

THNX...:)

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS TUTORIAL11 - CONTROLLING DC MOTORS WITH AVR

Hi…friends , welcome back..! I am again here with some embedded systems stuff , this time we will learn how to control motor using AVR MCUs. Motors are very important for almost every ROBOTICS projects and other electronics projects as well ,and using microcontroller with motors makes is very easy. So lets have a look , how it happens..??

Introduction

As we know we can generate different output signal from our MCU, which are used to drive the motors but the signal generated by the MCU is not strong enough to drive the motor , so we need something else to drive the motor as per the instruction of MCU, and this something else is a motor drive , there are many motor drivers available , like ULN200X family ICs , L293D and L298 etc. here we are going to use  L293D. I will suggest you to go through my article

Before reading this article as I have discussed almost everything in that article about L293D. ROBOTICS TUTORIAL 1- HOW TO USE L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC

Now we are pretty much clear about our task, we have to drive a simple DC motor using AVR MCU and L293D motor driver.

Connections

So first of we have to prepare connections . just implement this simple circuit for that. Things we are going to need are-

2 MOTORs

L293D IC

ATmega 16

And some connecting wire and power supply.

Source code

Here is sample code. The code is written to rotate two motors in clockwise direction for some time ,then to stop one motor and rotate other one in clockwise direction for some time and again rotate second motor in clockwise direction and stop first one for some time  ,then to rotate one motor in clockwise direction and other one in anticlockwise direction and finally stop both the motor. Code is self explanatory still if you are facing any problem just let me know..:)

/*

 * DRIVING_MOTOR_WITH_AVR.c

 *

 * Created: 2/2/2013 10:04:53 PM

 *  Author: ABHILASH

 */ 

#include <avr/io.h>

#include <util/delay.h>

void main()

{

DDRC=0b00001111; //declaring pin 0-3 of PORTC as output pins

while(1)

{

PORTC=0b00000101; // both motor in clockwise direction

_delay_ms(3000);   // delay for some time

PORTC=0b00000001; // only one motor rotating in clockwise direction

_delay_ms(3000);   // delay for sometime

PORTC=0b00000100;   // second motor rotating in clockwise direction

_delay_ms(3000);    // delay for some time

PORTC=0b00001001;  // one motor in clockwise direction other one in anticlockwise

_delay_ms(3000);    // delay for some time

PORTC=0b00000000;   // stop

_delay_ms(3000);     // delay for some time

}

}

That all now burn your microcontroller with this program and power up the circuit and you will things going on..and you can see how easy  is it to control a motor with AVR MCU.

 DOWNLOADS 

You can download source code , .hex file and proteus design file here-

 SOURCE CODE .c FILE

.hex FILE OF PROGRAM

PROTEUS DESIGN FOR PROJECT

I hope this article was helpful for you guyz, in case of any query. Doubt or critical view just leave a comment.

THNX..:)

BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIAL 7- UNDERSTANDING LIGHT EMITTING DIODES( LEDs)

Hi….friends..welcome back..!! I am again here with some discussion on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

So in this article we will discuss about function and uses of LED . LED are most basic electronic component to be used in almost all the electronic circuit in different forms. If you are going to start with electronics you must have proper knowledge of using LEDs efficiently.

INTRODUCTION ( FUNCTION AND CONNECTION)

LEDs are unidirectional devices like diode and works only in forward bias condition and emits light when a power supply is connected across the terminal of LED. There are two terminal in simple LED ( some special LEDs contain more than two terminals).As shown in figure below these two terminal are termed as anode ( represented with a or +) and cathode (represented with k (not c) or -). These two terminals must be connected correct way round as a to positive and k to negative terminal of supply. You can determine  ANODE  and CATHODE by checking the LED as the larger lead is anode and shorter lead is cathode and cathode is flat part in main LED body. LEDs normally operate at very low voltages 1.5 to 3v .  

LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs. 

                                                              anode                                           cathode

SYMBOL

                        

TESTING LEDs

As we know LEDs operate at very low voltage hence Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! 

It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it out.

LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the correct way round!

TYPES OF LEDs

There are a number different LEDs available in the market some of them are discussed here-

Single colour LEDs

Different coloured LEDs

LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours.

The colour of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the colouring of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours are available in uncoloured packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 'water clear'). The coloured packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent.

Tri colour LEDs

The most popular type of tri-colour LED has a red and a green LED combined in one package with three leads. They are called tri-colour because mixed red and green light appears to be yellow and this is produced when both the red and green LEDs are on.

The diagram shows the construction of a tri-colour LED. Note the different lengths of the three leads. The centre lead (k) is the common cathode for both LEDs, the outer leads (a1 and a2) are the anodes to the LEDs allowing each one to be lit separately, or both together to give the third colour. 

Bi-colour LEDs

A bi-colour LED has two LEDs wired in 'inverse parallel' (one forwards, one backwards) combined in one package with two leads. Only one of the LEDs can be lit at one time and they are less useful than the tri-colour LEDs described above.

LEDs with different shape and size

There are also so many LEDs varying in shapes like round shape led , square, rectangular and triangular. LEDs. LEDs also vary in size like 5mm (standard) LED and 3mm LED etc.

LEDs different shape and size

 As well as a variety of colours, sizes and shapes, LEDs also vary in their viewing angle. This tells you how much the beam of light spreads out. Standard LEDs have a viewing angle of 60° but others have a narrow beam of 30° or less.

Flashing LEDs

Flashing LEDs look like ordinary LEDs but they contain an integrated circuit (IC) as well as the LED itself. The IC flashes the LED at a low frequency, typically 3Hz (3 flashes per second). They are designed to be connected directly to a supply, usually 9 - 12V, and no series resistor is required. Their flash frequency is fixed so their use is limited and you may prefer to build your own circuit to flash an ordinary LED.

LED Displays

LED displays are packages of many LEDs arranged in a pattern, the most familiar pattern being the 7-segment displays for showing numbers (digits 0-9). The pictures below illustrate some of the popular designs:

Connecting LEDs in series and Parallel

In Series

Connecting LEDs in series is a good idea to prolong battery life cause in this case we are driving all the LEDs with the same current as just one. All the LEDs connected in series pass the same current so it is best if they are all the same type. The power supply must have sufficient voltage to provide about 2V for each LED (4V for blue and white) plus at least another 2V for the resistor. To work out a value for the resistor you must add up all the LED voltages and use this for V_L.

like A red, a yellow and a green LED in series need a supply voltage of at least 3 × 2V + 2V = 8V, so a 9V battery would be ideal.
V_L = 2V + 2V + 2V = 6V (the three LED voltages added up).
If the supply voltage V_S is 9V and the current I must be 15mA = 0.015A,
Resistor R = (V_S - V_L) / I = (9 - 6) / 0.015 = 3 / 0.015 = 200Ω

 so choose R = 220Ω

 (the nearest standard value which is greater). 

In parallel

Connecting several LEDs in parallel with just one resistor shared between them is generally not a good idea.

If the LEDs require slightly different voltages only the lowest voltage LED will light and it may be destroyed by the larger current flowing through it. 

Although identical LEDs can be successfully connected in parallel with one resistor this rarely offers any useful benefit because resistors are very cheap and the current used is the same as connecting the LEDs individually. If LEDs are in parallel each one should have its own resistor. 

so friends it was all about LED i hope you found it useful in case of any query, doubt or critical view just leave a comment here.

THNX..:)

ROBOTICS

ROBOTICS TUTORIAL 1- HOW TO USE L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC

ROBOTICS PROJECT 1- MAKING A LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT WITHOUT USING MICROCONTROLLER

ROBOTICS TUTORIAL 1- HOW TO USE L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC

Hi…. Friends.. welcome back..!! I am again here with some discussion on L293D motor driver IC , in this article we will discuss how to use L293D in  motor driving applications.L293D is most widely used motor driver IC , it is used in various robotics projects and in other applications where motor driving is required. So lets have a look how we can drive motors using L293D.

                  

PIN DISCRIPTION

L293D IC is a 16 pin IC the function of various pins is as follows-

PIN 1&9- ENABLE PINS

PIN 2,7 & 10, 15- INPUT PINS

PIN 4,5 & 12,13- GROUND PINS

PIN 3,8 & 11, 14 – OUTPUT PINS

PIN 8- VS (+5V)

PIN 16- VSS (VOLTAGE AT WHICH YOU WANT TO DRIVE YOUR MOTOR)

WORKING

The working of L293D is very simple , this IC consists of two H bridges which are capable of driving two motors at a time. Two input are required for driving a motor the connections are as shown-

When A is high and B is low M1 will rotate in forward direction while when A is low and B is low motor will rotate in reverse direction. Similarly we can drive M2 ,using inputs C and D. Thus by changing logic states of inputs the motor rotation direction can be controlled.

PROTEUS SIMULATION

You can understand working of L293D very easily with the help of proteus just implement the proteus design as shown and check the rotation of motor by changing input logic satats.

DOWNLOADS

You can download proteus design file and datasheet of L293D from the links given below-

DOWNLOAD PROTEUS DESIGN FILE

DOWNLOAD L293D DATASHEET

So its all about L293D, in our upcoming posts we will use this IC in various robotics projects.

I hope this article was useful for you guyz………….in case of any query , doubt or critical view just leave a comment. In our upcoming posts we will discuss about some projects using this IC . Stay tuned…….!!

THNX….:  

ROBOTICS PROJECT 1- MAKING A LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT WITHOUT USING MICROCONTROLLER

Hi friend …!! Welcome back…! this time I am here with a very interesting project for robotics beginners, in this tutorial I am going to discuss how to make an autonomous line follower robot without using a microcontroller, so lets have a look how to make your own autonomous robot with intelligence of following a black line on white surface or white line on black surface.

INTRODUCTION

Line followers are the autonomous robots with the capability of following a black line on white surface and vice versa. Basically we use some kind of sensors to detect the color difference between line and surface. In our project we are going to use IR sensors for detail description of IR sensor first of all read this article     BASIC ELECTRONICS PROJECT 6- MAKING AN IR SENSOR

According to the output of sensors we control our motor to control the direction of robot. In this project we are going to make a BLACK LINE FOLLOWER.

REQUIREMENTS

A robust chassis for robot

Two motors

Two wheels

One caster wheel

Two IR sensors

One motor driver IC ( we are using ULN2003A)

IC 7432

And a power supply.

 STRUCTURE OF ROBOT

Attach wheels with motor to the chassis, place sensors at front side at a distance more than width of the black line. Also attach caster wheel at front side between sensors. Structure will look something like this-

ALGORITHM FOR LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT (USING TWO SENSORS)

-Start

-Check for line

-CASE 1-If both sensors are on move forward

- CASE2-If only left sensor is off , turn left till both sensors are on the line

-CASE 3-If only right sensor is off, turn right till both sensors are on the line

These three cases are illustrated in this figure-

ELECTRONIC CONNECTIONS

Now just connect sensors, ICs and motors as shown in the diagram below-

So now our first line follower robot is in action.

In case of any doubt, query or critical view just leave a comment. I am waiting for your comments.

THNX..:)